Marx put forward the idea of distributive justice and the path to realize distributive justice based on historical materialism, which is of firm theoretical constructiveness and practical feasibility, and forms three dimensions of a theoretical basis of historical materialism and social criticism of private ownership, and the ethical orientation of communist distribution justice. In the dimension of the theoretical basis, Marx criticized the idealist distributive theory, and required the establishment of historical materialist distributive theory and communism of the free men’s association to realize fair distribution; in the dimension of critique of private ownership, Marx examined it on the theoretical and practical levels, revealed the injustices in social distribution and the social maladies caused by private ownership, and required elimination of capitalist private ownership and construction of socialist public ownership, and protection of the interests of disadvantaged groups; in the dimension of ethical orientation, Marx proposed communist distribution justice to achieve complete liberation of human rights, which constitutes its means and goal of distributing justice. Marx’s distributive justice will enlighten consolidating the public economy and improving the Party’s ability to govern the country.