Under the background of China’s scientific and technological innovation and industrial upgrading, the cultivation of excellent engineers has become essential for national strategic needs. Addressing the limitation that traditional discipline-based engineering education cannot fully support the development of high-level engineering talent, this study innovatively constructs a spiral development model of “Multi-dimensional Thinking-Driven with Feedback of Key Capabilities”, aiming at the theoretical framework and practical paths for the reform and innovation of emerging engineering education. The model realizes the organic integration of insight, planning, foresight, and leadership through mutual promotion and interaction of innovative thinking, systemic thinking, strategic thinking, and value thinking. It breaks through the constraints of traditional technical rationality and establishes its core objectives by integrating social value creation with engineering ethics. Furthermore, the study puts forward an educational ecosystem reform plan in five key areas: curriculum restructuring, teaching model innovation, deepening university-industry collaboration, policy support mechanisms, and international education cooperation. It is expected to provide valuable theoretical support and practical reference for enhancing the comprehensive competency of excellent engineers and promoting the high-quality development of emerging engineering education.