The essence of the “Disputes between Ancient and Modern, China and the West” lies in the in-depth exploration of China’s developmental trajectory and its cultural identity. In the context of China’s profound cultural rejuvenation which is undergoing an irreversible historical process, the construction of a nation with cultural power in the New Era is guided by Xi Jinping Thought on Culture. In the face of cultural identity crisis and the marginalizing threat to the mainstream culture, Xi Jinping Thought on Culture presents a profound understanding of the contemporary trends in human civilization. It has also debunked the myths of the Western-centered perspective on civilization and elucidated the methodology for resolving the “Disputes between Ancient and Modern, China and the West” in terms of theory and practice, value and method. It explores and opens up a path to resolve these disputes through adhering to the “Two Integrations”, strengthening cultural confidence, constructing China’s independent knowledge system, and upholding integrity, innovation, openness and inclusiveness. The thought sublimates the new understanding of the excellent traditional Chinese culture, broadens the responsibility horizon of a culturally strong country, and outlines a new vision of China’s traditional culture, delineates a novel conceptualization of cultural construction with Chinese characteristics, thereby unveiling a hitherto unexplored domain for the edification of modern civilization of the Chinese nation. Moreover, it provides ideological guidance for the comprehensive promotion of Chinese-style modernization and great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.