China is currently undergoing a critical phase in the construction of its ecological civilization, and rural ecological governance faces the dual constraints of natural vulnerability and social vulnerability. Establishing a governance model characterized by resilience, synergy, and sustainability has become an urgent practical challenge that requires resolution. Party building leadership, as a distinctive advantage of the socialist governance system with Chinese characteristics, plays a pivotal role in rural ecological governance through political guidance, organizational mobilization, and resource integration. Based on the core perspective of Party building leadership, this paper systematically examines its internal logic, practical dilemmas, and optimization pathways within the context of rural ecological resilience governance during this critical period of ecological civilization development. It elucidates the internal logic of Party building leadership from two dimensions— “why lead” and “how to lead” —arguing that the political logic establishes the value framework for governance, the organizational logic provides the operational foundation, and the transformation of governance effectiveness translates this leadership into tangible outcomes. Meanwhile, the paper identifies several prominent issues in current practice, such as the need to strengthen the systematic alignment between organizational structures and governance concepts, the necessity to enhance the capacity building of grassroots ecological governance teams, the requirement to further refine diversified collaboration mechanisms, and the need to align assessment and evaluation systems with the demands of ecological resilience governance. Building on this analysis, the paper proposes a systematic optimization pathway encompassing four dimensions—optimizing organizational structures, strengthening capacity building, innovating collaboration mechanisms, and improving the evaluation system—aiming to provide theoretical support and practical references for advancing rural ecological civilization construction and the development of beautiful countryside.