Chinese modernization is characterized by harmony between humanity and nature as well as common prosperity for all. These two distinctive features are closely related to green productivity. Guided by Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization, developing green productivity should focus on four key issues. Firstly, the core essence lies in fostering a win-win situation between economic development and ecological protection. Secondly, the ultimate goal is that the people become more prosperous and happier. Thirdly, key measures include establishing relevant institutional mechanisms at the macro level, promoting green production among enterprises at the meso level, and cultivating green personal lifestyles at the micro level. Finally, profound implications include both domestic and international dimensions, namely, it can contribute to China’s modernization characterized by harmony between humanity and nature and common prosperity for all, thereby facilitating the leap forward in both ecological civilization construction and economic development. Moreover, it can accelerate the formation of a new global green governance framework and promote high-quality, sustainable development of the world economy.